Chess is one of the oldest studied games in AI. Our implementation of the observation and action spaces for chess are what the AlphaZero method uses, with two small changes.

Observation Space

The observation is a dictionary which contains an 'obs' element which is the usual RL observation described below, and an 'action_mask' which holds the legal moves, described in the Legal Actions Mask section.

Like AlphaZero, the main observation space is an 8x8 image representing the board. It has 20 channels representing:

• Channels 0 - 3: Castling rights:
  • Channel 0: All ones if white can castle queenside
  • Channel 1: All ones if white can castle kingside
  • Channel 2: All ones if black can castle queenside
  • Channel 3: All ones if black can castle kingside
• Channel 4: Is black or white
• Channel 5: A move clock counting up to the 50 move rule. Represented by a single channel where the n th element in the flattened channel is set if there has been n moves
• Channel 6: All ones to help neural networks find board edges in padded convolutions
• Channel 7 - 18: One channel for each piece type and player color combination. For example, there is a specific channel that represents black knights. An index of this channel is set to 1 if a black knight is in the corresponding spot on the game board, otherwise, it is set to 0. En passant possibilities are represented by displaying the vulnerable pawn on the 8th row instead of the 5th.
• Channel 19: represents whether a position has been seen before (whether a position is a 2-fold repetition)

Like AlphaZero, the board is always oriented towards the current agent (the currant agent’s king starts on the 1st row). In other words, the two players are looking at mirror images of the board, not the same board.

Unlike AlphaZero, the observation space does not stack the observations previous moves by default. This can be accomplished using the frame_stacking argument of our wrapper.

Legal Actions Mask

The legal moves available to the current agent are found in the action_mask element of the dictionary observation. The action_mask is a binary vector where each index of the vector represents whether the action is legal or not. The action_mask will be all zeros for any agent except the one whos turn it is. Taking an illegal move ends the game with a reward of -1 for the illegally moving agent and a reward of 0 for all other agents.

Action Space

From the AlphaZero chess paper:

[In AlphaChessZero, the] action space is a 8x8x73 dimensional array. Each of the 8×8 positions identifies the square from which to “pick up” a piece. The first 56 planes encode possible ‘queen moves’ for any piece: a number of squares [1..7] in which the piece will be moved, along one of eight relative compass directions {N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW}. The next 8 planes encode possible knight moves for that piece. The final 9 planes encode possible underpromotions for pawn moves or captures in two possible diagonals, to knight, bishop or rook respectively. Other pawn moves or captures from the seventh rank are promoted to a queen.

We instead flatten this into 8×8×73 = 4672 discrete action space.

You can get back the original (x,y,c) coordinates from the integer action a with the following expression: (a/(8*73), (a/73)%8, a%(8*8))

Rewards